Effect of magnetic focusing and pitch-angle diffusion of 5 MeV nucleon⁻¹ proton propagation on flux enhancements. Panel a: results obtained by altering the strength of the magnetic focusing effect described by the variation of (L_B)⁻¹. Panel b: effect of pitch-angle diffusion by setting different values of λ₀. Panels c–f: contour plots of log[G(p_e; x, μ, p, t)] and log[G(p_e; x, μ, p, t)f_b(x_e, p_e, μ_e)/f(x, μ, p, t)] as functions of source particle momentum p_e/p and observation time.