Simulated orbits for a ring of N = 100 particles with a mass m around a central mass m₀ for a mass ratio of m₀/Nm = 3/2 as in Fig. 2. The orbits of the first 80 time steps of 10 particles are shown in color. In gray we plot 576 steps for all particles. The initial velocities are given by Eq. (22), plotted in Fig. 6, which in theory results in circular orbits. Although this confirms the force formula Eq. (21), numerical round-off errors on the subpixel scale propagate and cause the orbits to diverge.