Geocentric radiant of the simulated meteoroids in 2023 (AE1), color-coded as function of the particle’s radius. Sub-mm particles are represented by crosses, while mm-sized particles that should be visible to radio and video instruments are represented by filled circles. Particles approaching Earth below Δr (AU) are retained as potential impactors. Depending on the Δr threshold considered, several clusters of radiants may be detectable in December 2023. However, only ≤ mm-sized particles intersect the Earth’s orbit in the AE model.