Accretion of material on Jupiter as a function of time from the present (0) to Jupiter’s formation 4.5 Ga ago, based on Bottke et al. (2023). In the last one billion years, Jupiter accreted only about 10⁻⁴ M_⊕ of material. The right-hand y axis indicates the pressure levels within Jupiter at which the accretion of material would result in a region above the pressure threshold where Z is three times solar. The time at which H–He phase separation started according either to standard models (e.g., Schöttler & Redmer 2018) or to experiments indicating a high critical temperature (Brygoo et al. 2021) are shown in red. The corresponding error bars correspond to the mass accreted since that time.