ΔZ/ΔY and ΔZ/(ΔT/T) as a function of pressure and temperature in Jupiter. This shows the maximum increase in heavy elements allowed by increasing Y or by lowering the temperature to ensure stability where the inverted Z gradient takes place. The horizontal dashed lines show the values of ΔZ/ΔY (bottom) and ΔZ/(ΔT/T) (top) for an ideal gas. We stress that the calculation of ΔZ has here been done using the HG23+CMS19 EOS (Chabrier et al. 2019; Howard & Guillot 2023) for H–He and the SESAME-drysand EOS (Lyon & Johnson 1992) for heavy elements. The 1 bar temperature was taken at 170 K.