Fig. 9

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Cloud forcings for initially hot and steamy 1 R⊕ planets (with a 10 bar H2O + 1 bar N2 atmosphere) orbiting around different types of stars: TRAPPIST-1 (T★ ~ 2600 K), Proxima Centauri (T★ ~ 3050 K), an M3 star (T★ ~ 3400 K), a K5 star (T★ ~ 4400 K), and the Sun (T★ ~ 5780 K). The associated simulations names are T1-1 to 8, Pcen-1 to 7, M3-1 to 7, K5-1 to 6 and SUN-1 to 6, respectively. The figure depicts the greenhouse effect (top) of clouds, the amount of incident radiation (middle) reflected back by the clouds (the more negative the value, the greater the reflected flux), and the net radiative effect (bottom) of clouds (positive values mean warming), as a function of the incoming stellar flux. In all these simulations, clouds produce a strong atmospheric warming.
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