Fig. 4

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Water cloud column (top), albedo (middle), and thermal emission to space (bottom) horizontal maps, for an initially hot and steamy 1 R⊕ planet (with a 10 bar H2O + 1 bar N2 atmosphere) orbiting around different types of stars: TRAPPIST-1 (T★ ~ 2600 K), Proxima Centauri (T★ ~ 3050 K), an M3 star (T★ ~ 3400 K), a K5 star (T★ ~ 4400 K), and the Sun (T★ ~ 5780 K). The associated simulations names are T1-1, Pcen-1, M3-1, K5-1, and SUN-1, respectively. The simulations shown here were forced to an ISR of 500 W m−2 (i.e., 1.47 F⊕), and the outputs were averaged over 100 Earth days. A synchronous rotation for all the simulations was assumed, except for those of the Sun. In this case the results were taken directly from Turbet et al. (2021): rotation period of 1 Earth day, orbital period of 365 Earth days, and obliquity of 23.5°. For this simulation only, the maps were calculated in the heliocentric frame (i.e., keeping the subsolar point at 0° longitude and 0° latitude), and using an average of five Earth years as in Turbet et al. (2021).
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