Theoretical models showing effects of varying covering fraction C_f and column density N_H of a log ξ = 2 absorber partially covering a power-law emission with Γ = 2. Top panel: column density is fixed to N_H = 10²³ cm⁻², and the covering fraction increases from C_f = 90% (green), to 95% (red), to 99% (black); the solid lines represent the total models, while the dashed lines represent the (1 − C_f) fractions of unabsorbed power-law emission. Bottom panel: covering fraction is fixed to C_f = 95% (the 5% fraction of the unabsorbed power law is plotted with a dashed line), and the column density increases from N_H = 5 × 10²² cm⁻² (green), to N_H = 10²³ cm⁻² (red), to N_H = 2 × 10²³ cm⁻² (black). The normalization of the y-axis is arbitrary.