Time evolution of different parameters in the fiducial model. (a) Planet mass. The horizontal gray line indicates the planet mass M₀ = 2.3M_J inferred by Liu et al. (2019), which we use as a reference mass. (b) Planet’s gas accretion. (c) Planet’s accretion luminosity (Eq. (15)). (d) Disk temperature at the Hill radius. The sublimation temperature of CH₄ (green) and CO₂ (orange) are indicated by horizontal lines for reference (see discussion in Sect. 4.2). In each panel, the vertical dashed lines indicate the time when the mass of the planet reaches M₀.