Fig. 3

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Trajectories of three pebbles in the fiducial model with and without an atmosphere. The trajectories show the final approach of the pebbles, deep within the Hill sphere. The coordinates are transformed from the global frame to a local frame co-rotating with the planet in order to highlight the motion of the pebbles with respect to the planet. The black circle in the left plot is the Bondi circle, indicating the start of the atmosphere. High-eccentricity orbits, shown with the red and blue curves, are circularised by the atmosphere and require significantly fewer orbits to accrete than their atmosphere-less counterparts, due to the high gas density at their pericentre. Low-eccentricity orbits, shown with the grey curve, are more subtly influenced, mainly in terms of the number of revolutions before impact.
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