Open Access
Table 2
Q′ values that allow the different resonant chains considered here to reach their observed offsets in a time span of tsim = 5 × 106 yr (second column) and a time span equal to t⋆ (the age of the system, third column).
| System | Q′ for tsim | Q′ for t⋆ |
|---|---|---|
| Kepler-80 | 0.05 | 4 |
| Kepler-223 | – | – |
| K2-138 | 0.1 | 10 |
| TOI-178 | 0.01 | 1 |
| TRAPPIST-1 | 0.05 | – |
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