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Fig. 4

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Typical time evolution for the four planets of the resonant chain of Kepler-80 (d, e, b, and c) with Q′ = 0.05 and physical parameters from Table 1. In the top left panel the eccentricities, in the top right panel the mean-motion ratios of adjacent planets, in the bottom left panel the two-body resonant angles and in the bottom right panel the three-body resonant angles.

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