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Fig. 1

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log vs. spectral type in our grid of simulations of the magnetic activity contribution (Paper I). Large filled circles correspond to the averaged targeted log in the grid, and the actual average (over each time series) log in all simulations (the dispersion of the dots is due to each realisation and inclination) is represented in red. The lower envelope corresponds to the observed log as a function of spectral type (e.g. Mittag et al. 2013; Boro Saikia et al. 2018), and the upper envelope was chosen in Paper I to correspond to the limit between stars that are mostly dominated by plages in photometry (like the Sun) and stars that are spot dominated following Radick et al. (2018). The average position of the Sun is shown as an orange star.

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