Cosmo-tomography toward PKS 1830−211: Variability of the quasar and of its foreground molecular absorption monitored with ALMA

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Fig. 17.

Measurements of the covering factor across the different visits of our 2016 monitoring. (a) Saturation level (1 − S_ν) at the center of the H₂O line for all the visits in 2016. (b) The values of all spectral channels with velocities |v|< 8 km s⁻¹ are averaged to provide measurements of the continuum-covering factor as a function of time.

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