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Fig. 1

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Growth of planetary embryos fixed at 10 AU for different envelope opacities and for the two different pebble fluxes used in our simulations. In all simulations Speb = 5.0 unless stated otherwise (see text). The solid (pebble) accretion phase is marked with a solid line, the envelope contraction phase via a dotted-dashed line, and the runaway gas accretion phase is marked in a dashed line. Higher opacities prolong the gas contraction phase and result in slower planetary growth once the planet has reached its pebble isolation mass. As a consequence the final planetary mass is lower for higher envelope opacities. The larger pebble flux allows the core to grow faster and thus to reach the pebble isolation mass earlier, when it is larger, reducing the envelope contraction phase and thus resulting in a larger final planet mass.

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