Fig. 5.

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PAD spectrograms of ∼1200 − 3600 km s−1 protons in the 45-s vicinity of the 2021 November 3 shock. The color bar of each panel indicates the flux intensity for each velocity bin. The vertical dashed red line marks the shock front. The ∼26-s upstream interval bounded by the blue dashed blue line and the shock front is labeled U1.
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