Fig. 3.

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Proposed scenario for the formation of massive galaxies outside of galaxy clusters. The columns from left to right correspond to the formation of a typical spiral, FR, and SR. At the top of each column, we state the typical current stellar mass of the respective galaxy type. The last row of the figure below the thick black line shows some nontypical ways of forming the different galaxy types. The dotted lines mark the evolutionary tracks of the different galaxy types.
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