Top: photo-z bias (left) and precision (right) in equally populated magnitude bins. Bottom: photo-z bias (left) and dispersion (right) in equally spaced spectroscopic redshift bins. The shaded grey areas indicate ∆z > 0.002, corresponding to the Euclid requirement for the photo-z bias. All plots are for 30 000 Flagship test galaxies with magnitudes i_AB < 24.5 for the methods presented in Sect. 3.2. The training sample contains around 15 000 spectroscopic galaxies, extended to 30 000 with PAUS-like galaxies without spectroscopy, all of them to i_AB < 23.