Diagram showing the calculation procedure for producing an EG heatmap. The heatmap for a target spectrum (orange) is calculated by interpolating between a set of baseline spectra (blue) and the target. As we move from left to right along each row, the interpolated spectrum in each panel is fed into the network which generates a prediction score. The wavelengths with the largest accumulated gradients along the path are then ranked as most critical for flare prediction. Instead of integrating over all paths, EG calculates an expectation value for the wavelength’s importance by feeding a random sample (gray spectra) into the network.