Fig. 7

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Comparison of the core mass fraction as a function of the accreted mass between the standard model, where we include both the outgassed atmosphere and the hydrostatic envelope connected to the protoplanetary disc, and an additional calculation where we do not include the blanketing effect of the outgassed atmosphere. Neglecting the atmosphere raises the critical planet mass for differentiation by a factor of 10 from approximately 0.02 ME to 0.3 ME. We also show the evolution of the core mass fraction for a water opacity level 100 times lower than our nominal value. The rapid increase of the accretion luminosity with mass means that even a substantial lowering of the opacity translates to only a small increase in the critical mass that triggers the run-away greenhouse effect and commences differentiation.
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