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Fig. 5

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Mass of the envelope as a function of time for Earth and Mars. Mars attracts far less gas from the protoplanetary disc due to its lower mass. The jump in envelope mass at 3.4 Myr for Earth and at 4.0 Myr for Mars is associated with the differentiation of the planets and the outgassing of the massive H2O and CO2 atmosphere that is efficient at trapping the accretion heat. The escape of the envelope by XUV irradiation from the star after the end of accretion at 5 Myr is extremely rapid due to the low envelope masses.

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