Optical image and surface brightness profiles of VCC 2034. Left: NGVS u, g, i color composite image of the system of VCC 2034 and AGC 226178 (marked inside the white boxes). The galaxy NGVS 3543, which is in projection to the Virgo cluster, is shown in the green box. The H I radial velocity measurements for a few sources from Jones et al. (2022) are also marked, along with their names. Right: Radial surface-brightness profiles of VCC 2034 with the best-fit models. The surface-brightness units are in mag arcsec⁻² for all the bands except for Hα (erg s⁻¹ cm⁻² arcsec⁻²). The blue-shaded area marks the 1σ error (for data points) and upper limits (3σ). The dotted black line indicates the best-fit model described in Sect. 6.4 for a ram-pressure-stripped galaxy, with the red-shaded area the 3σ confidence level of the best-fit model. The dot-dashed green line shows the same model for an unperturbed system (without RPS). The vertical dotted red line gives the g-band effective radius of the galaxy.