Perturbed precessing ellipses as the building blocks of spiral arms in a barred galaxy with two pattern speeds

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Fig. 7.

The spiral density wave derived from the periodic orbits of the x₁ family for the normal form Hamiltonian (29) of first order, for: (a) a pattern speed of the bar Ω_b = 20 km s⁻¹ kpc⁻¹, and (b) a pattern speed of the bar Ω_b = 60 km s⁻¹ kpc⁻¹. Both figures have M_b = 6.25 × 10¹⁰ M_⊙ (a strong bar).

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