Dust-mass-weighted mean deviation of azimuthal gas velocity from Keplerian velocity υ_g,ϕ – υ_K, normalised by the sound speed c_s, as a function of radius r and time after the dust particle initialisation t – t_d,init. The left and right panels depict simulations of the vertical shear instability only and of the scenario SIafterVSI, respectively. Local increases in the azimuthal gas velocity are stronger, with the velocity more frequently exceeding the Keplerian velocity, and especially at r > 30 au also more persistent in SIafterVSI.