Results of experiment D.1: We plot the −log₁₀(FPF) score as a function of the temporal binning factor (or, equivalently, the effective integration time) for both PCA-based PSF subtraction and the two versions of our approach, signal fitting (SF) and signal masking (SM). For the latter, we also compare the performance with and without the observing conditions (OC) as additional predictors. The figure is based on experiments using the Beta Pictoris L′ data set. □