Temporal evolution of the latitude of the surface “paleo-barycenter” over the last one billion years. The plate tectonics reconstruction is adopted from Merdith et al. (2021), which establishes the first kinematically continuous tectonic motion model across multiple super-continental cycles. The evolution is smoothed in red using a moving polynomial regression filter with a window of 200 Myr. In our effective model, this curve maps the evolution of the center of the hemispheric continental cap that transitions from being symmetric about the equator during the Mesozoic, to being almost polar during the Paleozoic.