Evolution of ξ and the aj (in degrees) as a function of time for system 0 as integrated by the simplified model F (Eqs. (25) and (56)) (top) and by the direct N-body simulation (Eq. (E.1)) (bottom). In the direct simulation the horseshoe-shaped orbits are reached after 7.8 τ_hs, and the co-orbital motion is destroyed shortly after that, (chaoticity in Fig. 6). The model reaches horseshoe-shaped orbits at 8.1 τ_hs. The grey-shaded area is the linearly stable region.