Fig. 10

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Lunar regolith models and their numerical radar simulations. The models are composed of three parts which are vacuum, regolith, and bedrock, respectively. The radar antenna in the simulation was deployed in the vacuum with a height of 0.3 m which is consistent with that of the Yutu-2 radar antenna 0.3 m away from the lunar surface (Ding et al. 2020c). The thickness of the lunar regolith and bedrock are assumed to be 4.7 m and 1 m, which are open values in this case. The regolith part is the stochastic medium model, and its model parameter settings are consistent with those of the models in Sect. 3.3. The bedrock is a humongous medium, and its relative permittivity and loss tangent are hypothesized to be 7 and 0.015, which are in line with those of Mare basalt (Ishiyama et al. 2013; Hongo et al. 2020). The first, second, and third rows are the regolith model with the autocorrelation length (AL) was set as 0.03 m, 0.09 m, and 0.15 m. The second row is their corresponding A-scan radar simulations. The black rectangles indicate the radar scattering from the stochastic regolith part.
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