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Fig. 6

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Possible binary configurations for a given rotational angular momentum budget (Lrot,binary) at two distances from the central star (40 au, solid; 1 au, dashed), assuming that the components themselves spin at near-breakup rates with density ρp = 1. When Lrot,binary < 0.06 LH, only single planetesimals are formed at 1 au as the breakup spin exceeds the angular momentum budget, whereas this critical value lies between 0.02 and 0.03 LH at 40 au. Large amounts of rotational angular momentum ≳0.1 LH can only be contained in binaries with increasingly wide mutual orbits and increasingly similar masses, especially in the outer disk.

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