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Fig. 5

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Overview of the collapse of a uniform cloud in orbit around a central mass, shown in a stationary frame. The spherical cloud is initiated with size RH and without any rotation. The snapshots from t = 0 to t = 0.8 are enlarged in scale for clarity. We highlight the positions and directions of two particles; one that is initiated closest to the central mass (magenta arrow) and one that starts the furthest away from the central mass (orange arrow). We also indicate the position and direction of the cloud’s center-of-mass (black edged arrow) and plot its initial distance (dark red semicircle). At the end of the collapse, the center-of-mass has shifted slightly inward toward the central mass, and the two particles have performed half a prograde revolution, confirming the prograde rotation of the object that is formed.

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