Fig. 2

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Schematic illustration of a trajectory of an icy particle in a turbulent protoplanetary disk. The trajectory is represented by the zigzagged blue line. The shaded region represents a typical UV-shielded vertical height |z| < 2.5H, where H is the disk scale height. The right panel shows a typical vertical (z) attenuation of UV from a central star by the protoplanetary disk gas. The particle trajectory is simulated using the method of Okamoto & Ida (2022) with the effect of particle growth based on Sato et al. (2016). The particle is released at 15 au on the mid-plane and its orbit evolves by diffusion induced by the disk turbulence and inward advection due to gas drag.
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