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Fig. 8

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Evolution of the 1D-averaged tracer fluid concentration in the Hill sphere of the M1 simulation. The M1 simulation reached thermodynamic equilibrium after and the tracer fluid was inserted after . After , the tracer fluid concentration decreased to less than 5% even in the inner regions of the protoplanetary atmosphere. This figure shows that the recycling timescale is , explaining that thermodynamic equilibrium is reached after .

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