Comparisons for stellar atmospheric parameters including T_eff, log g, and [Fe/H] between the LAMOST DR5 and the APOGEE–Payne (left column), APOGEE–ASPCAP (middle column), and GALAH–Cannon (right column). Only stars in commn with the LAMOST training and testing samples are used. The black and red dots represent dwarfs and giants, respectively. Error bars are coloured in blue and green for dwarfs and giants, respectively, and indicate the mean value “bias” and 1-σ uncertainty of the residuals estimated using a Gaussian fit.