Micro-characteristics of laser irradiated CM2 Murchison: (a) SEM secondary electron image of unirradiated (top right) and irradiated (bottom left) area; (b) SEM secondary electron image of molten crater and fragments produced by laser in the irradiated area; (c) SEM secondary electron image of the irradiated area; (d) the zoomed-in SEM secondary electron image of the box region in (b); (e) the zoomed-in SEM secondary electron image of the irradiated area; (f) TEM bright field image of FIB section sampled from the box position in (e). No nanophase particle but abundant bubbles are seen, and the bubbles tend to increase in size from subsurface to surface, indicating that a lot of volatiles (likely to be mainly water produced by dehydration of phyllosilicates) were released during the irradiated process.