Empirical scattering phase functions (grey dots) of the Zubko et al. (2004) BARE-GR-S dust model at the effective wavelengths of eight common UV–NIR bands. For the sake of clarity we only plotted the data points at a resolution of 5 deg, whereas the BARE-GR-S dataset contains phase function data at 1 deg resolution. The solid lines in each upper panel correspond to analytical phase function fits to these empirical data: the HG phase function (red, Sect. 3.1), the Draine phase function (purple, Sect. 3.2), the TTRM phase function (cyan, Sect. 3.4), and the new TTU2 phase function (gold, Sect. 4). Bottom panels: relative difference between the analytical model and the empirical data.