Retrieved T–P profile from the CARMENES data. Upper panel: retrieved results of the two-point T–P model. The blue points with error bars are the best-fit (T₁, P₁) and (T₂, P₂) values. The gray lines show examples of the T–P profiles sampled by the MCMC analysis. Lower panel: median of the sampled T–P profiles (red line) and the 1σ envelope (blue shadow). They are generated by sorting the temperatures of the MCMC samples at each of the 25 atmosphere layers.