TOI-1238 CARMENES RVs (blue dots) and the best model (black line) from the combined photometric and spectroscopic fit. The top panels shows the entire RV time series, where the short-period planets and the long-term feature are clearly visible. The inset displays an enlargement of the first part of the data for a zoomed-in view of the two transiting planets’ contribution to the modeled RV curve. The middle panel illustrates the RV residuals of the fit. The bottom panels present the CARMENES RVs folded in phase with the orbital period of the inner Keplerian components (from left toright: TOI-1238 b and TOI-1238 c). Binned data are plotted as open black symbols. All error bars include the quoted CARMENES uncertainties and the RV jitter as obtained from the model added in quadrature.