Penetration depth as a function of the Froude number for a 1 kg, 10 cm diameter projectile impacting glass beads under different gravity levels. z_stop is the penetration depth, v_c is the collision velocity, g is gravity, D is the projectile diameter, and L is the container diameter. The filled symbols correspond to the smallest container size (L = 3.15D) and the opensymbols correspond to the largest container sizes (L = 4.5D, or when g = 10 m s⁻², L = 4.5D and L = 6.0D). The vertical dashed line indicates Fr_t, or the transition from collision regime I to collision regime II, and the plot inset provides a zoomed-in view of the data where Fr ≤ Fr_t.