Acceleration, velocity, and position profiles for example impact simulations where g = 9.81 m s⁻² (blue) and g = 0.1 m s⁻² (red). For both test cases, the collision velocity of the projectile is 1 m s⁻¹. The projectile’s approximate collision velocity v_c, peak acceleration a_peak, penetration depth z_stop, and collision duration t_stop are indicated by the circles, dashed lines, and text annotations on the plot.