Table 6
Connection between different cloud condensates in the high atmosphere and the crust composition for Tsurf ≤ 700 K.
| Tsurf [K] | Planet | MP [M⊕ ] | RP [R⊕ ] | Teq [K] | Ref. | H2O[l,s] | C[s] | NH4Cl[s] | NH4SH[s] | NH3[s] | S2[s] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <350 | TRAPPIST-1 e | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 0.92 ± 0.04 | 251 ± 5 | (1) | All | BSE12 | PWD CI | |||
| K2-3 d | 2.8 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 282.0 | (2) | BSE15 | ||||||
| TRAPPIST-1 d | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.77 ± 0.04 | 288 ± 6 | (1) | CI | ||||||
| TOI-700 d | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 1.19 ± 0.11 | 300 ± 60 | (3) | Archean | ||||||
| TRAPPIST-1 c | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 1.056 ± 0.004 | 341 ± 7 | (1) | |||||||
| K2-3 c | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 344.0 | (2) | |||||||
| 350–400 | TOI-237 b | 2.9 ± 1.5 | 1.44 ± 0.12 | 355.0 | (4) | All | BSE12 | BSE12 | |||
| K2-155 d | 4.9 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 381 ± 40 | (5) | BSE15 | BSE15 | |||||
| K2-240 c | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 389 ± 18 | (6) | CI | CI | |||||
| K2-239 d | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.10 ± 0.11 | 399 ± 1 | (6) | PWD MORB | ||||||
| TRAPPIST-1 b | 0.9 ± 0.8 | 1.086 ± 0.004 | 400 ± 8 | (1) | PWD CI | ||||||
| 400-450 | K2-239 c | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.00 ± 0.11 | 427 ± 22 | (6) | All | CI | BSE12 BSE15 PWD CI |
CC, CI | ||
| 450–500 | K2 42 d | < 0.9 | 0.57 ± 0.18 | 450 ± 45 | (7) | All | MORB CI |
BSE12 BSE15 |
CC, CI MORB |
||
| 500–550 | K2-239 b | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.10 ± 0.11 | 502.0 | (6) | All | BSE | Solar | CC, CI | ||
| TOI-776 b | 4.7 ± 1.0 | 1.83 ± 0.11 | 513 ± 12 | (8) | MORB | MORB | |||||
| GJ 357 b | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 1.17 ± 0.04 | 525 ± 10 | (9) | CI | ||||||
| TOI-270 b | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 1.25 ± 0.09 | 528 ± 50 | (10) | PWD BSE | ||||||
| Kepler-167 d | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 1.20 ± 0.05 | 536.0 | (11) | |||||||
| 550–600 | Kepler-62 c | 4.131 | 0.54 ± 0.04 | 578 ± 40 | (12) | All | BSE | PWD MORB | CC, CI | ||
| LHS 1478 b | 2.3 ± 0.20 | 1.24 ± 0.06 | 595 ± 10 | (13) | but Solar | MORB, CI PWD BSE PWD MORB |
Solar | PWD MORB | |||
| 600–650 | GJ 9827 d | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 1.96 ± 0.08 | 605 ± 20 | (14) | All, but | BSE | BSE | CC | ||
| LHS 1815 b | 4.2 ± 1.5 | 1.09 ± 0.07 | 617 ± 90 | (15) | Solar | MORB, CI | Solar | ||||
| Kepler-114 c | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 1.60 ± 0.19 | 623.0 | (16) | PWD BSE | PWD BSE | |||||
| K2 244 b | 5.7 ± 2.4 | 1.75 ± 0.13 | 638 ± 7 | (17) | PWD MORB | ||||||
| K2 252 b | 5.6 ± 2.4 | 1.74 ± 0.17 | 639 ± 7 | (17) | |||||||
| 650–700 | GJ 486 b | 2.8 ± 0.13 | 1.31 ± 0.07 | 700 ± 13 | (18) | BSE, BSE12 BSE15, CC MORB, CI Earth, Archean |
BSE MORB, CI PWD BSE PWD MORB |
BSE, BSE12 BSE15, MORB PWD CI Archean Solar |
CC | ||
Notes. Corresponding confirmed planets with equilibrium temperatures 250 K < Teq < 700 K are listed as well. The listed confirmed planets are all transiting and have planetary masses of MP < 8 M⊕, planetary radii of RP < 2 R⊕ and equilibrium temperatures of 250 K < Teq < 700 K. For these planets, we assume Teq = Tsurf and a surface pressure of psurf = 1 bar. The temperature ranges are determined by comparable cloud condensate composition in the upper atmosphere as shown in Fig. 4.
References. (1) Gillon et al. (2017); (2) Sinukoff et al. (2016); (3) Suissa et al. (2020); (4) Waalkes et al. (2020); (5) Hirano et al. (2018); (6) Díez Alonso et al. (2018); (7) Muirhead et al. (2012); (8) Luque et al. (2021); (9) Luque et al. (2019); (10) Günther et al. (2019); (11) Kipping et al. (2016); (12) Borucki et al. (2013); (13) Soto et al. (2021); (14)Niraula et al. (2017); (15) Gan et al. (2020); (16) Batalha et al. (2013); (17) Livingston et al. (2018); (18) Trifonov et al. (2021).
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