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Table 3.

Characteristics of instruments and exposures used for the simulations.

Inst. Tel. Obs. l D (m) Field texp (s) r (″) Mag.

Visible and near-IR Imagers
EFOSC NTT ESO (La Silla) 3.6 Vis 4′ 300 1 24.2 Focal reducer (Buzzoni et al. 1984)
FORS VLT ESO (Paranal) 8.2 Vis 6′ 300 0.8 25.2 Focal reducer (Appenzeller et al. 1998)
HAWKI VLT ESO (Paranal) 8.2 NIR 60 0.6 21.4 Near-IR imager (Kissler-Patig et al. 2008)
MICADO ELT ESO (Armazones) 39. NIR 50″ 60 0.015 24.9 Visible and near-IR imager with adaptive optics on the ELT (a)
OmegaCam VST ESO (Paranal) 2.4 Vis 1.0° 300 0.8 23.9 Survey wide-field imager (Kuijken et al. 2002)
1.5 m Catalina U.AZ (Mt. Lemmon) 1.52 Vis 2.2° 30 1.5 21.4 Survey wide-field imager (b)
LSST Cam. SST VRO (Pachon) 8 Vis 3.0° 15 0.8 24.6 Survey wide-field imager (c)
0.7 m Catalina U.AZ (Mt. Bigelow) 0.7 Vis 4.4° 30 3 19.8 Survey wide-field imager (b)
Photo −30° 0.07 Vis 75° ×55° 60 60 10 Photographic camera with a wide-angle lens from a good site.

Visible and near-IR Spectrographs

FORS VLT ESO (Paranal) 8.2 Vis 6′×1″ 1200 0.8 22.0 Long-slit low-resolution spectrograph (Appenzeller et al. 1998)
UVES VLT ESO (Paranal) 8.2 Vis 10″ × 1″ 1200 0.8 17.0 High-resolution echelle spectrograph (Dekker et al. 2000)
4MOST-L VISTA ESO (Paranal) 4 Vis 1200 0.8 20.5 Multi fibre (1) spectrograph (low res.) (de Jong et al. 2016)
4MOST-H VISTA ESO (Paranal) 4 Vis 1200 0.8 18.6 Multi-fibre (1) spectrograph (med res.) (de Jong et al. 2016)
ESPRESSO VLT ESO (Paranal) 8.2 Vis 1200 0.5 15.8 High-resolution echelle (Pepe et al. 2021)

Thermal IR

VISIR VLT 8.2 ThIR 60″ 10 Imager (Lagage et al. 2004)
METIS ELT 39 ThIR 10″ 10 Adaptive Optics Imager on ELT (d),(2)

Notes.

(1)

4MOST is a multi-object spectrograph equipped with 2436 fibres. Monte-Carlo simulations showed that, on average, a satellite crossing the field of view will affect 1.3 fibres.

(2)

METIS also has a high-resolution spectrograph.

Table key: l: latitude; D: diametre of the telescope; Field: field of view of the instrument; texp: exposure time [s]; r: resolution element [arcsec]; Mag: 5σ limiting magnitude for a point source for an exposure of duration texp.

References. (a)https://elt.eso.org/instrument/MICADO/, (b)https://catalina.lpl.arizona.edu/about/facilities/telescopes, (c)https://www.lsst.org/about, (d)https://elt.eso.org/instrument/METIS/.

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