Cooling and escape times for primary electrons (upper panels) and protons (bottom panels) as a function of energy in scenario (0). Left panels: typical case of a low SFR galaxy (Ṁ_∗ = 0.1 M_⊙ yr⁻¹). Right panels: typical case of a high SFR system (Ṁ_∗ = 10 M_⊙ yr⁻¹). Solid lines represent different cooling processes: synchrotron (pink), ionisation (yellow), Bremsstrahlung (red), IC (green), and p − p (blue). The black dashed lines are for diffusion, whereas the grey double-dot-dashed lines are for advection.