Table 3
Fit parameters for the 10 mm glass bead impact experiments and simulations from this work and the 1.5 mm glass bead experiments from Murdoch et al. (2021).
| Test method | Bead diameter (mm) | Gravity (m s−2) | f0 (N m) | 1/d1 (m s−1) | vt (m s−1) | α |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exp. (Murdoch et al. 2021) | 1.5 | 9.81 | 16 ± 1 | 12 ± 2 | 1.2 | – |
| Exp. | 10 | 9.81 | 25 ± 5 | 25 ± 6 | 1.0 | 0.54 ± 0.11 |
| Sim. (Chrono) | 10 | 9.81 | 19 ± 3 | 38 ± 5 | 0.71 | 0.39 ± 0.03 |
| Sim. (pkdgrav) | 10 | 9.81 | 21 ± 4 | 35 ± 7 | 0.78 | 0.40 ± 0.03 |
| Exp. (Murdoch et al. 2021) | 1.5 | 1.15 – 1.21 | 2 ± 0.3 | 17 ± 7 | 0.36 | – |
| Sim. (Chrono) | 10 | 0.1 | 0.2 ± 2 | 39 ± 5 | 0.07 | 0.28 ± 0.02 |
Notes. f0 and d1 are the parameters associated with the quasi-static and inertial drag components in Eq. (1), and vt is the regime transition velocity described by Eq. (5). α represents the scaling of the penetration depth zstop with H, where zstop ∝ Hα and H is the drop height plus the penetration depth.
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