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Table 1
Baseline SSDEM parameters for the Chrono and pkdgrav impact simulations.
| Parameter | Chrono | pkdgrav |
|---|---|---|
| Contact force model | Hertz | Hooke |
| Grain diameter, d (cm) | 1 ± 0.05 | 1 |
| Grain density, ρg (g cm−3) | 2.48 | 2.48 |
| Bulk density, ρb (g cm−3) | 1.42–1.45 | 1.45–1.48 |
| Young’s modulus, E (MPa) | 700 | – |
| Poisson’s ratio, ν | 0.24 | – |
| Normal COR, grain, en,g | 0.9 | 0.9 |
| Normal COR, wall, en,w | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Tangential COR, grain, et,g | – | 1.0 |
| Tangential COR, wall, et,w | – | 1.0 |
| Static friction coefficient, grain, μg | 0.16 | 1.0 |
| Static friction coefficient, wall, μw | 0.45 | 1.0 |
| Rolling friction coefficient, μr | 0.09 | 1.05 |
| Twisting friction coefficient, μt | 0.01 | 1.3 |
| Grain shape parameter, β | – | 0.05 |
| Time step, Δt (μs) | 1.0 | 0.5 |
Notes. See Sect. 2.2 for a description of the different the code parameters.
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