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Table 1

Baseline SSDEM parameters for the Chrono and pkdgrav impact simulations.

Parameter Chrono pkdgrav
Contact force model Hertz Hooke
Grain diameter, d (cm) 1 ± 0.05 1
Grain density, ρg (g cm−3) 2.48 2.48
Bulk density, ρb (g cm−3) 1.42–1.45 1.45–1.48
Young’s modulus, E (MPa) 700
Poisson’s ratio, ν 0.24
Normal COR, grain, en,g 0.9 0.9
Normal COR, wall, en,w 0.5 0.5
Tangential COR, grain, et,g 1.0
Tangential COR, wall, et,w 1.0
Static friction coefficient, grain, μg 0.16 1.0
Static friction coefficient, wall, μw 0.45 1.0
Rolling friction coefficient, μr 0.09 1.05
Twisting friction coefficient, μt 0.01 1.3
Grain shape parameter, β 0.05
Time step, Δt (μs) 1.0 0.5

Notes. See Sect. 2.2 for a description of the different the code parameters.

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