Fig. 2

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Acceleration, velocity, and position profiles for an example experiment (black), a Chrono simulation (blue), and a pkdgrav simulation (red). The green line shows the Chrono simulation data when processed using the same method as the experimental data. The projectile’s approximate collision velocity vc, peak acceleration apeak, penetration depth zstop, and collision duration tstop are indicated by the black text and arrows.
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