Fig. 1

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Depiction of an example Chrono simulation when (a) the projectile is released from a height of 5 cm above the bed’s surface and (b) the projectile is considered to be at rest in the material. The container is 31.5 cm in diameter and is filled to a height of 12 cm. The projectile is 10 cm in diameter and 1 kg in mass. The spherical beads are 1 ± 0.05 cm in diameter and are colored by their radial position from the center of the container at the beginning of the simulation.
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