Routing path visualization to interpret the entities that the capsules in capsule layer 2 of model 8 detected. Sample images from test set. Sample test images are of size 200 × 200, and routing path visualizations of capsule layer 2 are of size 29 × 29. Images (a), (b), and (d) contain light echoes; and (c) and (e) contain stars. All images show varying amounts of scattering interstellar dust or artefacts. Illustration and caption credit: Bhullar et al. (2020).