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Fig. 5

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Chemical reactions leading to the formation of gas-phase SO and SO2. Species denoted as s-X are located in the ice mantles of dust grains. Reverse reactions are not shown for clarity. Red arrows denote chemical reactions with the annotated species, yellow arrows photodissociation reactions, and blue arrows ice desorption via either thermal or nonthermal mechanisms. Relevant chemical pathways are highlighted with a colored background.

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