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Fig. 2.

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Two example LAP sweeps from 1 Sep 2016 blue and red stars) showing significant spacecraft charging, as well as a visualisation of a selection of parameters from the analysis: the spacecraft potential estimate from the zero-crossing potential; Vz from each sweep (blue and red dots, respectively); the estimated photoemission current for the first sweep (yellow line), which has a discontinuity at Vph (black triangle); the ion current slope fits (green and red dashed lines); and the total current fit to the first sweep (purple solid line). As the spacecraft charging is significant, the electron current is poorly constrained by the bias range, but it is here modelled using a double Maxwellian distribution with characteristic energies of 0.1 eV and 1.5 eV.

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