Upper panel: evolution in the SMD of passive galaxies above 10^10.1 M_⊙ (green symbols and solid shaded area) compared to the theoretical predictions of the semi-analytic model of Menci et al. (2014) and the hydrodynamic simulations ILLUSTRIS-TNG100, ILLUSTRIS-TNG300, EAGLE, and SIMBA (see legend), scaled to a Salpeter IMF. Lower panel: ratio of the mass density of passive galaxies to the overall galaxy population above 10^10.1 M_⊙. The solid green line and solid region show the observed passive fraction, while the open shaded regions indicate model predictions, according to the legend.